Australia and the Netherlands are both facing housing crises, but for opposite reasons. In Australia, urban sprawl is a key challenge, while in the Netherlands, the issue comes down to a shortage of available land. Despite these contrasting conditions, both countries share a need for urban densification. This common priority became clear to the recipients of the Australian Institute of Architects Dulux Study Tour 2025, who observed striking parallels between two nations dealing with very different circumstances.
A cycling tour around Overhoeks in Amsterdam-Noord uncovered vast stretches of new housing, transforming what was once an industrial area. The site now features everything from floating homes to apartment buildings offering a mix of private and social housing units. These projects are part of a broader effort to maintain 35 percent social housing in the Netherlands – a stark contrast to the 4.1 percent that social housing represents in Australia, as recorded in 2023. Each building in Overhoeks has its own distinct character, with little apparent effort to create a cohesive architectural identity between them, apart from a unifying sea of brick that runs prominently throughout the area.
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Marni Reti, one of the five Dulux Study Tour recipients, felt that the aesthetic diversity between buildings reflected an appreciation for architecture in all its guises, likening the assortment of styles to a “collage.” The tour participants discovered that this appreciation may stem from the Netherlands’ use of aesthetic control committees. These committees, typically composed of experts in architecture and spatial planning, are established to review the visual impact of all proposed developments to ensure that they are aesthetically appropriate and contribute to the overall quality of the built environment.
For tour participant Nicholas Souksamrane, one surprising observation about the housing developments was that people in Amsterdam seemed “to have a very different threshold for privacy compared to what we’re used to in Australia.” He offered the example of a visit to a woman living in an apartment on the waterfront, whose living room window was highly visible from the outside – “something that would generally be considered unacceptable in Australia.” Souksamrane reflected, “I think there’s a lot we can learn in that respect because it’s about sharing through surveillance.”
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Meanwhile, Kate Shepherd, another of the tour’s participants, was particularly impressed by the “consistent build quality” of these housing developments. “There were more layers of materials, texture and variety. Every handrail was beautifully detailed in steel. It feels like there is a lot of craftsmanship, which I think is somewhat missing in Australia, where there’s a growing reliance on prefabricated elements that are often completely stripped bare of any texture or any sense of labor quality.”
Study tour participant Jimmy Carter offered a different perspective, stating that the buildings weren’t necessarily a celebration of craftsmanship, given their use of prefabricated components. He suggested that instead it seemed like the emphasis was on the longevity of materials, as seen in details such as the steel balustrades and the selection of high-quality bricks.
While all tour participants agreed that the build quality was higher than most new apartment buildings in Australia, Reti questioned whether the social and private housing would result in an inclusive space for everyone, as the brief intended.
“I’m really interested to know how successful the mixed social and private housing model has been. Integrating different housing offerings is a really nice idea in principle, but they’ve tried similar approaches in New South Wales and it hasn’t always been effective from a social point of view. Rather than fostering integration, it’s sometimes led to a strange division [between demographics],” Reti said.
During the Netherlands portion of the tour, urban density was repeatedly highlighted as a key solution to the country’s housing crisis, much like it is in Australia. A visit to MVRDV’s practice revealed that raising awareness about the value of urban density is a top priority for the firm.
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Didden Village (2006), the practice’s first realised building in its hometown of Rotterdam, was an experiment in housing density. This bright blue rooftop extension crowns a historic house and is arranged as a cluster of small buildings that together form a miniature village. A parapet wall with windows encloses the space, while trees, benches, tables and open-air showers support an outdoor lifestyle. Jammy Zhu, an associate at the firm, explained at the visit that the addition serves almost as a prototype for MVRDV’s ongoing exploration of densification in the city. In 2022, the firm sought to further demonstrate the value of density to the broader public through projects beyond housing. One such initiative was a temporary walk in Rotterdam that connected several buildings via an aerial bridge 30 metres above ground. Erected for one month, the Rotterdam Rooftop Walk installation invited visitors to experience the untapped potential of rooftops, raising public awareness of how these spaces could contribute to a more liveable city.
A visit to the Borneo and Sporenburg area, a residential district masterplanned by urban planning and landscape architecture firm West 8, once again highlighted the value of density through the transformation of two harbour docks: Borneo and Sporenburg. The district, which was developed between 1993 and 2000, stretches across a six-kilometre waterfront and comprises more than 2,500 predominantly low-rise dwellings with a high density of 100 units per hectare. Creative director at West 8 Daniel Vasini explained during a walking tour that part of the firm’s role in the project involved overseeing the work of more than 100 emerging and established architects who they tasked with reimagining the traditional Dutch canal house within a flexible design framework. The masterplan, with its open space designated for markets, pocket parks and a dynamic mix of facades, was regarded by the tour participants as an excellent example of dense yet liveable design.
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Souksamrane observed, “I think in Sydney and Melbourne, especially, there’s a big push for densification right now. However, when densification is discussed, it’s often linked to mega towers – like 20-storey buildings – rather than the more moderate density seen in cities like Copenhagen or Amsterdam, where buildings are typically four or five storeys. This scale feels more approachable, allowing for street-level engagement rather than towering up into another world. In Australia, it feels like we’re currently focused on either low-rise or high-density options. There needs to be a middle ground, which I think we’re all cognizant of, but doing density well is something we haven’t quite mastered yet.”
Shepherd noted that the general population in the Netherlands appeared more open to embracing density as a viable option, whereas in Australia, it often remains a tough sell to communicate the value of density over sprawl to the public.
“I think in Australia, we’ve been sold the dream that everybody gets a quarter acre block – you get land, a house, independence and privacy. And because we have so much land, it just feels like everybody thinks they deserve or are entitled to that. Whereas in the Netherlands, they kept talking about this idea of protecting the [green] ring around the city because the natural landscape is quite rare and precious. It sounded like people are happy to avoid pushing the city further out in order to preserve those areas and I think that is a mindset in Australia that we don’t have,” Shepherd said.
The question of how to densify Australian cities is not just about the need for more or better housing, but also about “a shift in attitude,” commented Carter. He pointed out that many Australians seem to be very unclear on what density actually means, in part due to limited public education and a lack of exposure to well-executed density projects. “This is where greater communication is really quite crucial, but it needs to be supported by good examples of built work that the public can broadly agree are successful.”
Adair Winder is travelling with the 2025 Dulux Study Tour. Follow #2025DuluxStudyTour on social media and the blog. More