Despite the fact that I have seen many, many art shows sanctifying 1920s modernism from seemingly every angle, the “Mouvement Flou” is a new one to me. The term, meaning the “blurry” or “out of focus” movement, is mentioned in “Man Ray: When Objects Dream” at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is credited to the Surrealist poet Louis Aragon, who used it to refer to the bridge moment in the European avant-garde between Dada, with its obsession with chance and irrationality, and Surrealism, with its concern for dreams and desire. In that brief both/and moment, a sense was percolating of new possibilities not completely fixed to any single creed.
Personally, I like the idea of “Movement Flou” for Man Ray‘s (1890–1976) particular style of creativity. Partly because, as a singular star of that era, he consorted with both Dadaists and Surrealists without becoming a true member of either movement. But also because a commitment to in-between-ness powered his practice.
Installation view of Man Ray: When Objects Dream, on view September 14, 2025–February 1, 2026 at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by Anna- Marie Kellen, Courtesy of The Met
“When Objects Dream” is not really a full-dress Man Ray retrospective. Instead, it uses his 1922 portfolio of “Rayographs,” Champs Délicieux (Delicious fields), as a way into talking about the surrounding era of his art. These were experiments in “cameraless” photography that Man Ray made by arranging objects from his studio on photographic paper and then exposing the surface to a flash of light, so that the objects’ shadows left their outlines.
What makes the Rayographs endure as art is the intriguing sense that they exist in-between different ways of seeing. Each image reads as both a Cubist-inspired 2D abstraction and a ghostly photographic document of a specific chance moment. Their composed, hieroglyphic quality, meanwhile, sits in contrast with them as symbols of quicksilver experimentation.
Man Ray, Rayograph (1925). MAH Musée d’art et d’histoire, City of Geneva. Purchase, 1968. Photo © Musée d’art et d’histoire, Ville de Genève, photo by André Longchamp © Man Ray 2015 Trust / Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY / ADAGP, Paris 2025
Other members of the pan-European avant-gardes played with the technique independently in the ‘20s—the flou times—most famously the Hungarian star László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). The photogram remains a potential even today, although a minor one. For a hot second, though, the technique offered itself as an area to explore that was in between photography and painting, art and technology. May Ray rushed into the space with all his usual intensity and elegance (though he failed at the self-branding exercise of getting people to permanently use the term “Rayograph”; Moholy-Nagy’s “photogram” won out).
He was good at such stiletto-strike innovation. “What seem to be the tricks of today will be the truths of tomorrow,” he would say.
He was born Emmanuel Radnitzkyin to a Russian Jewish family in 1890 in Philadelphia, and raised in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. He precociously eschewed college for the artist’s life, drawn to the exotic European art styles of the period that shocked still-provincial American taste, stripping his name down to the ultra-modern “Man Ray” in the process. In 1910s New York, he made a living in the fast-growing commercial design world as an illustrator. He learned photography out of necessity, on the side, to document his own tries at experimental painting.
Man Ray, Self-Portrait in 31 bis rue Campagne-Première Studio (1925). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bluff Collection, Promised Gift of John A. Pritzker Photo by Ian Reeves © Man Ray 2015 Trust / Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY / ADAGP, Paris 2025
Man Ray did cartoons for the cover of anarchist Emma Goldman’s magazine Mother Earth, moved to New Jersey, married and separated, wrote some personal art manifestoes, and met his lifelong friend, Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968)—all before finally leaving the States in 1921, with the hope that Paris might better appreciate his art. He was in his early thirties. (Charmingly, when he first met Duchamp, Ray didn’t speak French and Duchamp spoke no English; they intuitively understood one another.)
On either side of the Atlantic, Man Ray’s career was marked by restless zigzag experimentation. Correspondingly, “When Objects Dream” goes in a lot of different directions, mixing his stylish greatest hits in experimental photography with his forays into painting, which are less famous—mostly justifiably so, though I don’t hate them.
Man Ray, Paysage suédois (Swedish Landscape) (1926). Photo courtesy of the Mayor Gallery, London, ©Man Ray 2015 Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY/ADAGP, Paris 2025.
In New York, Duchamp had made a stir with Fountain, his signed urinal, in 1917. Aside from Man Ray’s photos, his most celebrated works pick up Duchamp’s idea of the readymade and run with it. These include a sewing machine covered in a cloth and bound so you just see its lumpy outline, which became an icon of Surrealism (The Enigma of Isidore Ducasse, from 1920), a flat iron with a strip of tacks fixed on it to make it a weapon (Gift, 1921), and a metronome with a little cut-out photo of an eye on it (Object to Be Destroyed, 1923).
Man Ray, Cadeau (Gift) (1921/1963). Photo by Ben Davis
“When Objects Dream” makes me see how kinetic Man Ray’s sculptural imagination was, how much of it is about creating an object that moves in your mind. Each of these works is about more than form or symbolism; it appeals to your sense that you could activate its mysteries. You think about unwrapping the sewing machine… or what you would do with the flat iron (or what it would do to you)… or flicking the metronome so that it comes to haunted life…
Man Ray, ANPOR (1919). Collection of Gale and Ira Drukier, ©the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photo by Bruce Schwarz.
This Met show doesn’t give us Man Ray’s more conventional photo portraits of the Lost Generation characters he met in ’20s Paris (Joyce, Hemingway, Stein, and many others), focusing instead on his experiments with form and process. The other major technique he is associated with is “solarization,” discovered at the end of the 1920s with his creative co-conspirator and lover, the equally extraordinary Lee Miller (1907–1977). She was 17 years his junior and went to Paris specifically to track him down and insist that he take her on as student. By re-exposing film negatives, ordinary studio images were rendered otherworldly, with harsh transitions of light to dark and halo effects that look like the subjects are oozing radiation.
Installation view of “Man Ray: When Objects Dream,” on view September 14, 2025–February 1, 2026 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by Anna-Marie Kellen, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The electric look of solarization made it perfect for images incorporated into the portfolio called “Électricité,” which was what you’d now call “sponsored content.” These images, mingling lightbulbs, female nudes, the moon, and appliances, were commissioned for ten thousand francs (today, about $7,400) as part of a 1928 marketing push by a private electric power company to encourage people to use more electricity. As the catalogue explains, the final portfolio of images, published in an edition of 500, was “given away as a promotional gift to the company’s top customers.” Working between the commercial and fine art worlds was another productive in-between space for Man Ray.
Man Ray, Marchesa Luisa Casati (1922). Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, gift of Carl Van Vechten (1949-86-4). Photo courtesy of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, ©Man Ray 2015 Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY/ADAGP, Paris 2025.
During the Depression years of the 1930s—beyond the scope of this show—when Man Ray was broke and reduced to bartering his art to get dental work, he more fully embraced commercial photography for pay. He would lend his name and experimental powers to fashion advertising, with lasting consequences. Richard Avedon credited Man Ray with “breaking the stranglehold of reality on fashion photography,” infusing it with the small-S surrealist energies that linger even today.
Man Ray served as a logical translator of avant-garde energy to a mass public, via images meant to make clothing desirable. The world of artistic experimentation was linked both in fact and in legend with sexual adventurousness, and Man Ray’s relentless formal experiments have a libidinal, even kinky edge. An American in Paris, he took the tormented voluptuary rebellion of the French Surrealists against Catholic conservatism and leavened it with an American frankness steeped in the cheerfully desacrilizing spirit of commercial culture. You see this in his famous Le Violon d’Ingres (1924), an image of his first French girlfriend, the glamorous nightclub personality and artist Kiki de Montparnasse, glimpsed from behind, her body pierced with the F-holes of a violin: a musical instrument waiting to be played.
Man Ray, Le violon d’Ingres (1924). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bluff Collection, Promised Gift of John A. Pritzker Photo by Ian Reeves ©Man Ray 2015 Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY/ADAGP, Paris 2025
Such erotic energy powered his artistic imagination in subtler ways, down to the idea of flou itself. Stretching and warping the body insinuated the breaking of conventional taboos around it. Even Man Ray’s photogram process, seemingly safely domestic and focused on still life, is a tactile form of photography. It’s about intimacy and secrets and a form of vision that blurs with touch. The art of the blur evokes the sexual blurring together of bodies; the out-of-focus, the woozy state of desire. This becomes explicit in Man Ray’s 1922 photogram showing two faces in profile (his and Montparnasse’s, I believe), lips locked together, outlines of hands stamped on faces—bodies and minds melting together in an ecstatic moment.
Installation view of “Man Ray: When Objects Dream,” on view September 14, 2025–February 1, 2026 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Photo by Anna- Marie Kellen, courtesy of the Met
Perhaps because we’ve been overexposed to his most famous creations, his various films of the 1920s draw me most in the Met show. The first, the short Retour à la raison (Return to Reason), 1923, was made on a night’s notice when friend Tristan Tzara sprung on him that it would be featured in a Dada showcase. The latest, L’étoile de mer (The Starfish), 1928, is a willfully hazy, slightly camp erotic fairy tale, putting images to a poem by Robert Desnos. The film style feels more congealed into a narrative, albeit a dream-like one.
Fittingly for the theme of this essay, I like best the film in the show that comes in between, preserving the former’s loose feeling but predicting the latter’s ambition: Emak Bakia, from 1926. It was funded by a wealthy patron Arthur Wheeler (despite his early association with Emma Goldman, Man Ray did not resist a role as entertainment for the rich and aristocratic) with large parts filmed at Wheeler’s estate, from which it takes its name, near Biarritz.
It is a film about constant motion, from a time when capturing motion in new ways on film could still be a kind of magic trick. But it is also about the motion of ideas, shape-shifting rhythmically between different devices. Sometimes it will show Ray’s sculptural artworks in his studio as they rotate or come to stop-motion life or split in double exposure. At other moments there are recognizable humans—Rose Wheeler, his patron’s wife, doing the Charleston, or commanding a car—or landscapes seen from experimental angles. Many times, it veers into pure abstraction, including waves of static Man Ray made by throwing salt and pepper on the film, or jumpy geometric outlines of nails and pins that seem to dance in silhouette on the surface—living photograms. It climaxes with the unforgettable image of Kiki de Montparnasse with cartoon eyes painted on her eyelids, blinking up at the camera with slow, deliberate mischief.
Man Ray, Rayograph (1922). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bluff Collection, Promised Gift of John A. Pritzker Photo by Ben Blackwell © Man Ray 2015 Trust / Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY / ADAGP, Paris 2025
It’s a relentless exercise in piling delight on delight, and an anthology of Man Ray’s themes: experiments with the material of film, sly society portraiture, numinous objects, dream worlds… Above all, with its strobing ideas, this odd film gives the sense that invention itself was more important to him than any individual invention. “Make it new” is the famous mantra of modern art. It certainly applies to Man Ray’s way of thinking. But it would be just as good to say, for him, “Make it flou.”
“Man Ray: When Objects Dream” is on view at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, September 14, 2025–February 1, 2026. More